Ranked-Choice Voting (“RCV”) is growing in popularity among election reformers, who have coalesced in particular around Instant Runoff Voting (“IRV”), a specific form of RCV that has recently been adopted in Maine and Alaska and will likely be proposed in many more states as ballot initiatives in the coming years. While reformers hope that IRV can ameliorate extremism and political polarization, this paper presents empirical evidence that undercuts these hopes. For instance, Alaska’s very first election following the state’s adoption of IRV signaled that the method may fail to elect the candidate most preferred by a majority of the state’s voters. Extrapolating from Alaska’s experience, and using a nationally representative sample of over 50,000 voters, we analyze the prospective effects of adopting IRV in every state. This analysis shows that IRV tends to produce winning candidates who are more divergent ideologically from their state’s median voter than do other forms of RCV. And the effect is most pronounced in the most polarized states—precisely the electorates for which IRV is being promoted as an antidote to existing divisiveness. We conclude by highlighting other formulations of RCV that result in more representative outcomes and are thereby better positioned to combat extremism and political polarization.
* University of Wisconsin Law School.
** Ohio State University Moritz School of Law.
*** Georgetown MSB and American Enterprise Institute.
Thank you to Barry Burden, Rick Pildes, Michael Sarinsky, Charles Stewart, Alex Tahk, and seminar participants at University of Minnesota, Notre Dame, University of Wisconsin, and the American Law and Economics Association (Boston) for helpful comments and discussions. This paper used computing resources from the University of Wisconsin Center for High Throughput Computing (https://doi.org/10.21231/GNT1-HW21). John Mantus provided excellent research assistance. The empirical results in this paper are expanded upon in a technical companion paper: Nathan Atkinson, Scott C. Ganz, and John Mantus,
, available at https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4911226.
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